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The Evolution Site The theory of evolution by natural selection is the unifying force of modern biology. It ties together disciplines that are as diverse as genetics microbiology and Palaeontology. However, the study of evolution is often controversial and the resulting misinformation can confuse people regarding the fundamentals of evolution. This site explains the fundamental concepts. What is Evolution? Modern evolutionary theory is based on the gradual and cumulative changes that happen in populations over time. These changes are a result of natural selection, a process that increases the amount of organisms that have traits that are beneficial and allow them to survive and reproduce in a specific environment. The organisms that have these traits produce more offspring because of the beneficial characteristics. This can cause a genetic change that could eventually lead to the creation of new species. The term “evolution” is often ascribed to the notion of “survival of the fittest” which implies that those individuals who are best adapted to a particular set of environmental conditions will have an advantage over those who are not well-adapted. In reality it is only one of many ways that evolution could occur. Another popular way to use the word evolution is to suggest that a species can change from one state to the next. This kind of view can be described as anagenetic or cladogenesis. This view is not supported by the definition of evolution that is scientifically accepted. The theory of evolution that is based on science change is based on changes that occur in populations over time. These changes are the result of mutations which result in natural selection and genomic variation. Charles Darwin was one of the scientists who supported this theory. Alfred Russel Wallace who developed the macroevolution theory believed this was only way the higher living forms could have evolved. A theory must stand against rigorous tests and evidence to be considered a theory. The evidence for evolution has stood up to the test of time and has been supported by countless studies in various scientific disciplines, ranging from biology to geology, chemistry to astronomy. In fact evolution is considered to be one of the foundations of science today and is supported by the vast majority of scientists around the world. Many people have misconceptions regarding the nature of the theory of evolution particularly how it is connected to religion. What is the Theory of Evolution? Evolution is the scientific explanation for the way living things change over time. It is based upon a few well-established facts: that many more offspring are produced than can be surviving and that different individuals have their physical characteristics and that they can pass on traits to future generations. These observations are backed by the growing body of evidence from molecular biology, palaeontology functional morphology, climatology and geology. Charles Darwin and Alfred Russel Wallace independently developed the theory of evolution by selection in the middle of the 19th century as an explanation why organisms are adapted their physical and biological environments. It is currently the most well-supported and widely-tested theory in all of science. Its predictions were proved by the fact that, for instance, more complex organisms have less genetic mutations. The more successful an organism is in terms of survival and reproducing the more likely it is to transfer its genes to the next generation. Some people are against evolution because they believe that it suggests that there is no purpose for life. Many scientists who are religious such as the Cambridge Palaeontologist Simon Conway Morris (BioLogos, 2014), believe that evolution is compatible with faith in God and even enhanced by it. In fact, a large number of highly skilled evolutionary biologists, including some who are revered evangelical Christian leaders have been involved in the development and testing of the theory of evolution. Many of these researchers contributed to the understanding a broad range of phenomena, including genomics and phylogenetics and also the formation and function of fossils. The word “theory” is often used in a wrong sense to mean a speculation or guess however it actually is a scientific hypothesis that has been rigorously tested and refined over time. Scientists test their hypotheses by repeating the experiments or observations that have led to them. Thus, the theory of evolution has been repeatedly tested out as have the corresponding theories of Copernican, atomic and germ theory. What is the Process of Evolution? The process of evolution is the gradual shift over time in the proportion of genetically distinct individuals within a particular species. This change is a result of natural selection, which favors those who are better adapted to their environment. The people who are more adaptable have higher chances of reproducing and survival. As more individuals survive and reproduce their genes are more widely distributed in the population. This is often called “survival of the strongest.” According to theories of evolution, mutations that lead to genetic variation are the primary reason for evolution. These mutations can occur at random or be affected by the environment. If mutations occur in a random manner, the allele frequencies will vary from generation to generation. In contrast, when the mutation is beneficial it can increase the frequency of the allele, which causes it to spread across the population. The changes in frequency of alleles can lead to new species in the course of time. The new species may grow and evolve into newer forms. This is known as macroevolution. The formation of new species is often due to changes in the environment which make certain resources available or creates new environmental issues. For example, the evolution of finches in the Galapagos Islands is a result of the abundance of food sources and the need to defend themselves from predators. In a wider context it is any change that takes place in the characteristics of organisms over the course of time. This change can be subtle, such as the development of a new color or dramatic, like the formation of an organ. Scientists who accept the theory of evolution generally recognize the importance of genetic change in the process that causes evolution. They also agree that the process of evolution happens over a lengthy period of time, typically millions of years. However, they differ on the role of different factors that speed up or slow down this process, such as the influence of environmental pressures sexual selection, and mutation bias. Despite these differences most scientists still believe that evolution is real and the evidence in support of this is overwhelming. What is the Evidence of Evolution? Since Darwin's time scientists have gathered evidence to support his theory of evolution. Some of this evidence comes from fossils which show the changing characteristics of living organisms over time. Other evidence is found in the similarities between living organisms, embryology, biogeography, genetics and comparative anatomy. The evolutionary tree is the best method of proving evolution. It demonstrates how species are closely related. Another evidence source is homologous structures, which share a similar structures in different species but perform distinct functions such as the wings of birds and bats. Evolution is evident in the way that different species adapt and develop to similar environments. For instance, arctic-foxes and ptarmigans grow white fur coats that blend into snow and ice. This is a type of convergent evolutionary process, which suggests the species shared common ancestors. 에볼루션 룰렛 of evidence is the existence of vestige structures, which are unutilized organs which could serve a purpose in the distant ancestors. The human appendix, for example, is a vestige from an organ that was once used to digest food. These structures tend to shrink in size once they are no longer used, a process known as natural selection. Scientists have also collected evidence for evolution through observation and testing. The evidence for evolution can be grouped into six different categories: changes that can be observed at a smaller scale, biogeographic distributions, comparative anatomies fossil records, genetics. Each of these provides compelling evidence that evolution of life has taken place. Although many people have misconceptions about the theory of evolution, it is an empirical fact. It is not simply a flimsy theory. It is a potent collection of years of research and observation that has been proven and tested. Scientists continue to collect and study new information to better understand the evolution of the Earth's life regardless of whether people believe in the theory of evolution or not. This information will allow scientists to better understand how to avoid future catastrophes on the planet, and how to use the resources on our planet. It will also allow us to better serve the needs of people living on the planet.